(Kristiansen, 2003)Nevertheless, there are many women who are heads of their households of other reasons, because the husband is in jail, is a drug addict, old, ill or disabled. There is signifi-cant variation by region: the proportion of households headed by a female ranges from a low of 7 percent UNDP. (s. c. Iran, Producer, & statistical center of Iran) Retrieved 4 30, 2010, from statistical center of Iran Web site: http://amar.sci.org.ir/Detail.aspx?Ln=F&no=262987&S=TP. Newyork: The Macmillan co. Namazi, B. (1994). Furthermore, women have heavy and unpaid household duties that take them away from more productive activities. households, poverty levels are highest among female-headed households, with extreme poverty levels of over 60 per cent in rural areas and over 15 per cent in urban areas. The mission of this institute is to empower supervising women and their families and all activities of this institute is nonpolitical and non profit in accordance with Article 2 of Articles of Association. For example, literature about "empowerment" is found in the fields of education, social work, psychology, in US radical politics in the 1960s and community development groups in the North and South, as well as in the work of feminist and development organizations. Chart 1:Number of households in Iran based on Gender of households (Normal households, according gender and age of head of households and the number of people in household: Persian date Aban 1385, 2006), Existing data on tells a considerable  realities, including a growing number and proportion of Female heads of households during the last four decades is such that in the years 1976, 1986 and 1996, female head of households have formed 7.1, 7.3 and 8.4 percent of the total Iranian households. 2. 63-54)While more than 50 percent female head of households has formed the poorest groups, male head of households are 16 percent. Woman-headed households: The ignored factor in development planning. Failure to promote each one of these sections can damage empowerment process; as a result, it is necessary to take action regarding realization of the following goals in accordance with empowerment master plan. Then the main question is what women's empowerment? At the time of the 1979 revolution, there were 45 NGOs working on women’s issues, predominantly on economic issues. Rogers, B. L. (1995). Female-Headed Households and Women’s Poverty The term “feminization of poverty” originated in the United States in the late 1970s, when it was discovered that the fastest growing type of family structure was that of female-headed households "Who Heads the Household? Development must be by people, not only for them. For example, in 2013, nearly ¾ of households with children that used housing vouchers lived in highly-distressed neighborhoods, characterized by high rates of poverty, female-headed households, unemployment, public assistance receipt, and World Bank Living Standard Measurement Study. In other words the majority of urban and rural women heads of household relies on financial supports from other members of their families and do not have a stable income. However, proportions consumed were lower as compared to households in rural areas. Southern Economic Journal , 62 (1), 44-52. In Sub-Saharan Africa, 31 per cent of rural households are headed by women, while in Latin America and the Caribbean and Asia, women head 17 per cent, and 14 per cent, respectively. Literacy status of women headed households is as follows: In terms of literacy, 71% of illiterate women headed households compared with the average amount of illiteracy in Iran shows a huge gap. London School of Economics. Measures of poverty “among female headed households” and “among women” are not indicators of the same phenomena. In poor rural households, for example, women’s work is dominated by activities such as firewood, water and fodder collection, care of livestock and subsistence agriculture. Report on the status of women headed households in Iran. LITERATURE REVIEW It has been estimated that the 1990 census will show that there are 94 million households in the United States, with 67 million or 71 percent considered family households and 27 million or 29 percent considered nonfamily households (Waldrop … BOX 1 COMMON CHARACTERISATIONS OF THE ‘FEMINISATION OF POVERTY (Chant, 2007)’. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Solution for Some claim that female-headed households are linked to problems such as delinquency. But 3.3% of elderly women are considered to be economically active, whereas the same statistics for men is 61%. By virtue of the fourth plan of development, the government is obliged to take action regarding preparation of master plan for empowering the women supervising their family. One prominent conventional wisdom in government, academic, and media discussions is that rising levels of lone motherhood (and female household headship) are linked with a worldwide ‘ feminization of poverty,’ i.e., that lone-mother households are disproportionately concentrated among low-income and indigent groups, and suffer greater extremes of poverty than male-headed … In other words, women headed households represent "poorest poor" social groups.The main findings of this study indicate that women are at increased risk of poverty and that the poverty rate of female headed households is higher than the poverty rate of male headed households, but the gap between the two groups has diminished. Kar va Kargar Newspaper(in persian) . Barimani, S. (2010, September 13). Increase of these households is considerable in recent years due to increase of other social phenomena such as divorce and addiction and unemployment of husband. headed by men (83 percent) and less than one in five (17 percent) are headed by women. Women’s Rights and Democracy:Peaceful Transformation in Iran. De jure female-headed households are those where the woman is legally the head. Asgary, N., & Pagán, J. Haviland, W. (2003). 188817 and to establish Soorchin semi industrial kitchen as well as to create and equip dressmaking workshop under trade name of Piratan and to train the assistance seekers with use of professors of Alzahra University which was confirmed by Islamic Development Bank (IDB) granting $19000 to the institute. Musa Reza Servati, Member of Parliament's social commission, said: The budget ofwomen headed household's protective organizationhas been increased 20 %.He remarked that Behzisti's (Welfare Organization) Budget in 2007 years has been approximately 457 million dollars and it was increased to 473 million dollars in 2008.He also remarked 20 % of budget of  the Welfare Organization in current  year  is allocated women headed households. Feminization is a process; higher poverty is a state. In many developing countries as elsewhere, there has been a significant increase in the percentage of female-headed households (FHH) in recent years. Because it implies changes, the feminization of poverty should not be confused with the existence of higher levels of poverty among women or female headed households. a) Explain what is meant by ‘serial monogamy’. Finally as a case study "Seddiqin charity institution" is chosen to analyze and we explain its function and influence on FHH empowerment. Retrieved April 2010, 22, from Mowj News Agency: http://www.mojnews.com/fa/Miscellaneous/ViewContents.aspx?Contract=cms_C... Sanni, L. (2006). Women research(in persian) , 2 (1), 49-70. JENDA: A JOURNAL OF CULTURE AND AFRICAN WOMEN STUDIES , 2 (8). According this data these people are living under the absolute poverty line. Women are generally excluded from economic transactions in the local markets. Identifying the Poor: Is ‘Headshipa Useful Concept?’. Schultz, R. W. (1976). (2002). the poorest groups. Awareness-raising: for women to take appropriate action to close gender gaps or gender inequalities there must be recognition that their problems stem from inherent structural and institutional discrimination. This paper regards some concerns which Sedighin Charity Institute mentions about problems of the supervising women in different societies and Iran as well as presentation of some solutions for solving the problems of this group of women and their families. Female-Headed Households . Sedighin Charity Institute suggests some plans and methods for removing deprivation from this class all of which are summarized in empowering process. In this framework, the empowerment approach emphasized on mobilizing the self-help efforts of the poor, rather than providing them with social welfare. (1994). Journal of Comparative Family Studies . Gender inequality both leads to and is a result of food insecurity.According to estimates women and girls make up 60% of the world's chronically hungry and little progress has been made in ensuring the equal right … People must participate fully in the decisions and processes that shape their lives. (Law of the Fourth social,economic and cultural development plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2004), But actually monthly pension of women heads of households has been remained on level of 10 to 20 percent annual minimum wage since the first year of plan. Clearly, gender plays a key role in both wealth and the exchange of money. For example the woman has to be at home taking care of the household and the children. All of these courses are job oriented. For example, studies on the impact of micro-finance on female clients, and on the economic returns to capital grants for female-operated small businesses, have tended to show limited results. Iran also is facing this problem. According section L article 97 The "law of Fourth social and economic and cultural development plan in Iran "(2005-2010) with purpose of reducing and preventing social calamities, government is bound to take measure and prepare comprehensive plan to increasing monthly pension of needy and unprotected families and women heads of households under patronage of protective organization on the base of at least 40% of the salary and wage in the first year of plan. Female headed households are most susceptible to poverty because they have fewer income earners to provide financial support within the household. Women headed households requires immediate consideration of government. Case Study: "Sedighin" charity institution in Iran, Research Scholar, Heidelberg University, Germany, http://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ILO-Thesaurus/english/tr3578.htm, http://www.mehrnews.com/fa/newsdetail.aspx?NewsID=1149220, http://eng.kilden.forskningsradet.no/c52778/nyhet/vis.html?tid=53514. (2001). Female household headship transmits poverty to children (‘inter-generational transmission of disadvantage’). These people are paid monthly pension (Barimani, 2010).This data shows that more that 70% of FHHs in Iran need assistantship of Charities. A: Traditionally feminism has been distinguished into three major approaches: I. (Samadi, 2009). Oxford: Oxfam. After Islamic Revolution, "Imam Khomeini Relief Committee", a charity organization affiliated with the government, dealt with female headed household welfare issues. The idea of power is at the root of the term empowerment. Women [s participation in and access to rural labour Dwyer, D., & Bruce, J. In other word, the majority of families headed by women consist of one member, who has been widowed at the age of 65 and over. This plan can be implemented on the basis of cooperation of the organizations, foundations, and nongovernmental associations. Female-headed households (FHHs) tend to be discussed as vulnerable groups, but its vulnerabilities are also being questioned in Tanzania, and … Chart 2:Numbers of member households regarding to gender of head of household in Iran-2006 (Population Statistics, 2008). Children In Female-Headed Households:Interrogating The Concept Of An ‘Inter-Generational Transmission Of Disadvantage’ With Particular ReferenceTo The Gambia, Philippines And CostaRica. Female-Headed Households and Poverty: Evidence from the National Family Health Survey Ramaprasad Rajaram* August, 2009 Abstract This paper estimates whether female-headed households are poorer than their male-headed counterparts, using household data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) for the year 2005-06. Experts are waiting 24/7 to provide step-by-step solutions in as fast as 30 minutes!*. 43/76993 by Ministry of the Interior. (6 marks) January 2006 (2004, September 1). In Iran, On the basis of census of 2006, more than 1,641,000(9.45%) households headed by the women have been identified. Williams, S., Seed, J., & Mwau, A. (Kristiansen, 2003). Alternative definitions of female headship in the Dominican Republic. Motie, N. (2004). 15 Female-headed households are included by chance. 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