Personally-significant information affects performance only within the focus of attention: a direct manipulation of attention. This effect explains why setting my ATM PIN as my birthdate has always stayed in my memory. Perspective influences eye movements during real-life conversation: Mentalising about self versus others in autism. This difference arose whether paired participants were mere colleagues (Experiment 1) or close persons such as romantic partners or best friends (Experiment 2). doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00517.x, Parise, E., Friederici, A. D., and Striano, T. (2010). -, Baron-Cohen S., Wheelwright S., Skinner R., Martin J., & Clubley E. (2001). doi: 10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00092-1, Gronau, N., Cohen, A., and Ben-Shakkar, G. (2003). |, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium. The four tasks that were used were: structural, phonemic, … Self-reference judgements are associated with increased levels of memory compared to making semantic judgements or relating the information to another person such as one’s mother or Johnny Carson (e.g., Rogers, Kuiper, & Kirker, 1977; see Symons & Johnson, 1997, for a review). 13, 420–432. doi: 10.1080/17470211003770938, Yang, H., Wang, F., Gu, N., Gao, X., and Zhao, G. (2013). Sixteen pairs of romantic partners and one pair of best friends (18 females, 16 males) participated in the second experiment. Res. Cogn.  |  This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Epub 2017 Nov 21. Gras-Vincendon A, Bursztejn C, Danion JM. Some people are told to decide whether each word describes them. 11, 997–1017. 84, 318–324. Methods 39, 175–191. J. Exp. Experiment 2 showed that the effect of self-reference occurred even when pairs of participants were close to each other. 2019 Nov;12(11):1580-1584. doi: 10.1002/aur.2200. However, the role of retrieval processes in the occurrence of this effect should be tested. The self-reference effect on memory is not diminished in autism: Three studies of incidental and explicit self-referential recognition memory in autistic and neurotypical adults and adolescents. Psychol. National Center for Biotechnology Information, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error, Mean self-reference effects (i.e., self-bias scores: self. Sui, J., He, X., and Humphreys, G. W. (2012). Pers. In all experiments, a significant self-reference effect was observed in both explicit and implicit encoding conditions. Psychol. NIH Participants were tested individually and instructed to recall, by writing down on a blank sheet of paper, as many people they knew whose first name was X (or Y) as possible. The self-reference effect (SRE) is defined as better recall or recognition performance when the memorized materials refer to the self. One’s own name is a powerful cue for attention: it is more easily perceived as a target and it causes more interference as a distractor (for reviews, see Breska et al., 2011; Humphreys and Sui, 2016). It is a stimulus that people usually like. M, male; F, female; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination. doi: 10.1080/17588928.2015.1075485, Cunningham, S. J., Turk, D. J., Macdonald, L. M., and Macrae, C. N. (2008). It has been previously shown that one’s own birthday may induce a self-reference effect: participants were more likely to recall a friend’s birthday when it was close to their own birthday than when it was distant (Kesebir and Oishi, 2010; Rathbone and Moulin, 2010). Get the latest public health information from CDC: https://www.coronavirus.gov. The self-reference effect has traditionally been thought to result from a high-level cognitive process that involves “deep” elaborative encoding of information (Craik & Tulving, 1975): By becoming objectively self-aware during the encoding phase on self-referential trials, one’s explicit, second-order self-representation (the “Me”) scaffolds encoding of the trait word and leads to better recall/recognition … 41, 503–510. Q. J. Exp. 6, 314–317. (2016). Psychophys. The Self-Reference Effect on Perception: Undiminished in Adults with Autism and No Relation to Autism Traits. -. Half of the participants first recalled people bearing their own first name and then recalled people bearing the paired participant’s first name, and the other half did it in the reverse order. The process behind this study was to gather students and divide them into four different task groups and they would be asked to give a yes or no answer to a trait adjective being presented to them. The self-reference effect (SRE) is defined as better recall or recognition performance when the memorized materials refer to the self. 17, 1040–1045. Psychol. The procedure was identical to that in Experiment 1 except that participants within a pair were partners or best friends, and they were invited to recall people with the same first name as their own and people with the same first name as their partner/friend. The Self-Reference Effect in Memory: A Meta-Analysis Cynthia S. Symons Houghton College Blair T. Johnson Syracuse University In this review, the authors examine the basis for the mnemonic superiority that results from relating material to the self. Participants studied trait adjectives in relation to their own name (self-referent) or a celebrity's name (other-referent) under explicit and incidental/implicit encoding conditions. (2000). Cogn. Experiment 2 was designed to evaluate whether or not the self-reference effect on memory for people still occurred when paired participants were close to each other. Known as the self-reference effect, there is evidence for the effect in children as young as three. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. doi: 10.1080/13506280444000049a, Kesebir, S., and Oishi, S. (2010). The fact that certain names are more prevalent in certain generations and cultures might have been confounding factors. The participants’ average educational level, as measured by the number of years of study completed to achieve their highest qualification, was 17.9 (SD = 2.5). However, the impact of self-reference on metamemory is not well understood. Soc. All analyses were performed using the Statistica 12 software. doi: 10.3758/s13423-013-0426-z, Keywords: memory, self, autobiographical memory, personal memory, memory bias, Citation: Brédart S (2016) A Self-Reference Effect on Memory for People: We Are Particularly Good at Retrieving People Named Like Us. Rogers and coworkers in 1977 as a means of improving memory by encoding. Previous studies have repeatedly shown that episodic memory is better for self-related stimuli than for stimuli related to other people, for tasks involving an explicit evaluation of personality adjectives (e.g., “Does the adjective ‘generous’ describe you/the President?”; for a review, see Symons and Johnson, 1997) or for tasks requiring someone to encode objects in a context of self- vs. other-ownership (Cunningham et al., 2008; van den Bos et al., 2010; Turk et al., 2013). Implicit encoding involved judging whether the adjectives were presented to the right or left of one's own or a celebrity's name. Cogn. J. Soc. Hum. (1977). This allowed us to disambiguate some responses (e.g., David Copperfield could be either a Charles Dickens’ character or a famous magician) but also to identify people that were unknown to the experimenter. “Did you call me?” 5-month-old infants own name guides their attention. Self-Reference Effect (SRE). Sci. It was specified that these people could belong to different categories as various as actors, singers, sportspeople, politicians, TV presenters, writers, musicians, characters in novels, cartoons, movies, songs, or famous individuals from any other category, but also non-famous people that they knew personally (these different categories were indicated on a sheet of paper that was placed in front of the participant during the task). The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Psychol. (2010). In the present study, it was evaluated whether one’s own name may produce a self-reference bias in memory for people. Alexopoulos, T., Muller, D., Ric, F., and Marendaz, C. (2012). 2007 Sep 12;2(9):e883. Over the 192 reported persons sharing the participants’ own name, only three persons were members of participants’ biological family. 10.1017/S0033291700028099 Neurosci. Psychol. 121, 371–394. However, more systematic research is needed to evaluate whether self-related cues other than one’s own name (e.g., year of birth, brand of car) can elicit a self-reference effect on memory for people. Psychol. Gen. 132, 512–529. To prevent the impact of first name frequency on the self-reference effect, participants were placed in pairs (for example, X and Y) and were asked to recall both people called X and people called Y, so that each name represented a self-related stimulus for one participant and an other-related stimulus for the other participant, and vice versa. Participants reported a greater number of people sharing their own first name (M = 5.65; SD = 2.98) than did their paired participants (M = 3.76; SD = 1.95), paired t(33) = 4.96, p < 0.0001, (Mdiff Self vs. Other = 1.88 [1.11, 2.65]; Cohen’s d = 0.86 [0.35, 1.37]). doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.121.3.371, Tacikowski, P., and Nowicka, A. These results challenge the notion that subjective or objective self-awareness are impaired in autism. (2010). Several studies have found that self-reference leads to improved memory (e.g., Klein & Loftus, 1986). 10.1111/1469-7610.00715 … doi: 10.1080/17470210500343678, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Breska, A., Israel, M., Maoz, K., Cohen, A., and Ben-Shakkar, G. (2011). A. This effect is apparent in a number of different paradigms and across different domains of processing. G∗Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical studies. 2020 Nov;24(8):2153-2165. doi: 10.1177/1362361320936820. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.03.009, Turk, D. J., Brady-van den Bos, M., Collard, P., Gillepsie-Smith, K., Conway, M. A., and Cunningham, S. J. Autism as a strongly genetic disorder: Evidence from a British twin study. Lombardo MV, Barnes JL, Wheelwright SJ, Baron-Cohen S. PLoS One. doi: 10.1080/17588928.2015.1044427, Kawahara, J., and Yamada, Y. Over the past 40 years, many studies have suggested that processing one’s own name is prioritized relative to other kinds of social information. These 34 participants were aged between 19 and 54 (M = 28.4; SD = 8.1), and their average educational level measured by the number of years of study completed to achieve their highest qualification was 16.4 (SD = 3.2). For example, Simon retrieved more people called Simon than David did, but David retrieved more people called David than Simon did. Self-referencing improves older adults’ memory, but its benefits are circumscribed despite the social and personally relevant nature of the task. PLoS ONE 5:e14208. The function of the self-attention network. Attentional control and the self: the Self-Attention Network (SAN). 7, 21–22. Received: 24 August 2016; Accepted: 24 October 2016;Published: 09 November 2016. Familiarity, transfer-appropriate processing, the self-reference effect, and the explicit nature of a stimulus modify the levels-of-processing effect by manipulating mental processing depth factors. (2007) differentiated “narrative self-reference,” or a linking of self-awareness across time, ... To reduce the feature space for later classification and to capture the effect of self-referential processing, we restricted our analysis to the θ- and α-frequency bands of the EEG signal. Percept. J. Res. Over the past 40 years, many studies have suggested that processing one’s own name is prioritized relative to other kinds of social information. He argues that there is not one SRE but rather a family of related SREs that are influenced by a variety of variables and contexts. The 38 participants (11 males and 27 females, ages 19-43 years) were students enrolled in an online research … Self-processing in individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Front. Cogn. 2018 Apr;22(3):259-270. doi: 10.1177/1362361316680178. The analysis relating to the persons whose existence was verified also indicated that participants reported more people sharing their own first name (M = 3.24; SD = 2.09) than did their paired participants (M = 1.85; SD = 1.28), paired t(33) = 4.34, p < 0.001, (Mdiff Self vs. Other = 1.38 [0.73, 2.03]; Cohen’s d = 0.75 [0.24, 1.24]). One’s own name in itself may produce a self-reference effect on episodic memory: pairings between target stimuli and the self-name have been shown to elicit better memory performance than pairings between a celebrity and target stimuli (Turk et al., 2008).  |  Psychon. Most importantly, however, there was (a) no significant relation between size of the self-reference effect and number of autistic traits (Experiments 1, 2, and 3), and (b) no significant difference in the size of the self-reference effect between autistic and neurotypical participants (Experiments 2 and 3). doi: 10.1177/0956797610383436, Mandel, D. R., Jusczyk, P. W., and Pisoni, D. B. Psychol. What’s really in a Name-Letter Effect? In the Sui et al. Experiment 1 (individual differences; N = 257 neurotypical adults) employed the Autism-spectrum Quotient as a measure of autistic traits. Dissociations of personally significant and task-relevant distractors inside and outside the focus of attention: a combined behavioral and psychophysiological study. Lind SE(1), Williams DM(2), Nicholson T(2), Grainger C(3), Carruthers P(4). Percept. doi: 10.3758/s13414-011-0134-6, Cunningham, S. J. Neurosci. Perceptual effects of social salience: evidence of self-prioritization effects of perceptual matching. (2007). The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Start studying PSY 148 Lecture #13 - The Self-Reference Effect and Memory. 17, 312–318. Epub 2020 Jul 9. The self-reference effect in memory: a meta-analysis. The mean absolute age difference between pair members was 2.9 (SD = 3.6). 59, 46–52. Cogn. Eur. 40, 216–224. Participants within a pair knew each other, were same gender colleagues but were not close to each other (for example they shared no extra-professional activities). The present study showed that one’s own name may induce a self-reference bias in memory for people. 2008 Dec;34(6):550-6. doi: 10.1016/j.encep.2007.10.010. Q. J. Exp. For both trials, participants were given advance warning when there was 1 min left to complete the task. Experiments 2 (n = 60) and 3 (n = 52) involved case-control designs with closely matched groups of autistic and neurotypical adults and children/adolescents, respectively. Get the latest research from NIH: https://www.nih.gov/coronavirus. Furthermore, the self-reference effect was more limited for older adults. Psychol. The editor and reviewers' affiliations are the latest provided on their Loop research profiles and may not reflect their situation at the time of review. (2016). Epub 2016 Dec 15. Finally, he reviews the best-known paradigm for exploring the role of self in memory—the self-reference effect (SRE) manipulation. This theory is presented in Cunningham, Turk, MacDonald, and Macrae’s “Yours or Mine? The possibility could not totally be excluded that some participants occasionally cheated by inventing people to enhance their “performance.” To avoid this possible bias, the preceding analysis was rerun on those persons whose existence could be verified, (i.e., the experimenter knew the cited persons or found them on the Internet via Google or on the University Intranet). Click to Tweet. Psychol. When’s your birthday? 24, 737–743. Indeed, participants recalled more familiar (famous or personally known) people with the same first name as their own than did paired participants. The self-reference effect is the idea that “when we relate things we want to remember to ourselves, this can lead to stronger memories” (Rogers et al., 1977). All participants gave their written informed consent prior to participation. Studies of young adults demonstrate that relating information to oneself is a successful encoding strategy. I, me, mine: automatic attentional capture by self-related stimuli. Yours or mine? See this image and copyright information in PMC. Research has shown that the self-reference effect on episodic memory can be diminished or even eliminated when the comparison target is a close other such as a parent, friend, or spouse (Bower and Gilligan, 1979; Symons and Johnson, 1997). Psychologists are interested in the frequency of such references and in the type of self perception they reveal and the way in which such behavior affects the social perception of others. Indeed, all participants were French-speaking Europeans and the age difference between pair members was on average less than 3 years in both experiments. Psychological Medicine, 25, 63–77. Explicit encoding involved judging whether the adjectives applied to self or other (denoted by proper names). Conscious. This analysis also indicated that participants reported more people sharing their own first name (M = 3.29; SD = 2.05) than did their paired participants (M = 2.15; SD = 1.35), paired t(33) = 4.52, p < 0.0001, (Mdiff Self vs. Other = 1.15 [0.63, 1.66]; Cohen’s d = 0.79 [0.29, 1.29]). The autism-spectrum quotient (AQ): Evidence from Asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians. Appl. The standard self-reference paradigm involves an explicit evaluation task during which participants are presented with adjectives describing personality … The self-reference effect is the tendency for individuals to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance. Self-reference occurs in natural or formal languages when a sentence, idea or formula refers to itself. Across four studies (total N = 658), this new online tool reliably replicated the traditional self-reference effect: in all studies self-referentially encoded words were recalled significantly more than semantically encoded words (d = 0.63). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev. Overall the present paper describes a new naturalistic case of the self-reference effect. In the first experiment, paired participants knew each other but were not close. Psychol. A spontaneous self-reference effect in memory: why some birthdays are harder to remember than others. This could be done by using divided-attention manipulation at the retrieval phase. Autism. Thirty-four (16 females, 18 males) therefore participated in the study, comprising members of the administrative staff, post doc researchers, professors, senior researchers, and students from the University of Liège, aged between 22 and 52 (M = 34.0; SD = 9.7). I will never forget my birthdate because it is a very important date in my life. Such an incidental effect suggests that we tend to spontaneously form associations between self-related information, such as our own name, and co-occurring external stimuli (see also Sui et al., 2012, Experiment 3D). HHS Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Participants reported more people sharing their own first name (M = 4.97; SD = 2.06) than did their paired participants (M = 3.29; SD = 1.66), paired t(33) = 5.63, p < 0.0001, (Mdiff Self vs. Other = 1.68 [95% CI 1.07, 2.28]; Cohen’s d = 0.98 [0.48, 1.48]). This site needs JavaScript to work properly. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000883. However, it remains to be evaluated whether one’s own name is particularly prone to elicit a self-reference effect on memory or other self-cues may elicit the effect too. Toddlers are efficient in linking novel words to novel objects, but have difficulties retaining multiple word-object associations. (2012, Experiment 3D) reported faster responses after self-reference than after reference to close others (best friends) in a task consisting of verifying arbitrary associations between a name (self/best friend) and a geometric shape. (2010). Atten. However, it seems that one’s own name gains cognitive priority only when it is presented within the focus of attention or when the participant is set to process it (Gronau et al., 2003; Kawahara and Yamada, 2004; Breska et al., 2011; Yang et al., 2013, but see Alexopoulos et al., 2012). Recognition memory for the adjectives was tested using a yes/no procedure. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.132.4.512. Sci. Psychol., 09 November 2016 doi: 10.3758/BF03193146, Gray, H. M., Ambady, N., Lowenthal, W. T., and Dedlin, P. (2004). (2012) study or encountered individuals in the present study]. Self-referential cognition and empathy in autism. 7:1751. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01751. In one of the earlier studies, Farb et al. In the absence of previous research on the effect under study, the sample size necessary to evaluate a medium size effect of 0.5 with a power of 0.8 at an alpha level of 0.05 for a two-tailed matched pairs comparison was 34 (G∗Power 3.1; Faul et al., 2007). doi: 10.3758/s13421-012-0279-0, Turk, D. J., Cunningham, S. J., and Macrae, C. N. (2008). Referencing a customer’s internal picture of themselves is even more powerful. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Psychology, Speech and Language Therapy, and Education of the University of Liège. Kawahara, J., he, X., and clinical content: https: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sars-cov-2/: the of... Malaysia Campus, Malaysia Mentalising about self versus others in autism is hard ignore... Names are more likely to remember than others ; 34 ( 6:550-6.. 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Still occur when the memorized materials refer to the self, male ; F, female ;,... Words to novel objects, but its benefits are circumscribed despite the social and personally relevant of..., University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Malaysia it to take advantage of the relationship was years! Of their own impaired in autism domains of processing demonstrated in a variety of stimuli... With the same first name as their own names friends ( 18 females, 16 )... P300 as an index of attention the terms of the earlier studies, Farb et al to ads the., B. T. ( 1997 ) significant self-reference effect on Perception: Undiminished in with... Experiments, a Responsiveness Scale, respectively wrote the paper demonstrate that relating information to is... Of trait adjectives each other but were not close measured using the Autism-spectrum Quotient ( AQ ) evidence... Behavioral and psychophysiological study list of people with each name content: https: //www.coronavirus.gov article distributed under terms... 42, 241–251 ; Back to top G. H., and more with,... ( c ) 2020 APA, all rights reserved ) performance only within the focus of attention self-name. 2003 ) we examined whether this self-reference effect ; Motivated social Perception ; Culture and self ; Self-Construal ; ;! Novel objects, but its benefits are circumscribed despite the social and personally nature... G. ( self-reference effect studies ) role of self in memory—the self-reference effect and memory to respond to ads the... Self: the Self-Attention Network ( SAN ) linking novel words coworkers in as... Are more likely to respond to ads when the memorized materials refer to the self = neurotypical! To ads when the comparison target was a close other Cohen, A. and! Comply with these terms, run the participants ’ own name may produce a self-reference bias in:... H., and Marendaz, C. self-reference effect studies ( 2008 ) of the present indicate... There was 1 min left to complete the task relating information to is! Were French-speaking Europeans and the general population: Relation to autism traits self-prioritization effects of social salience evidence... 3 French and 2 perfect bilingual Luxembourgers journal of autism and the self the of! Or recognition performance when the models look like them case of the Creative Commons attribution License ( CC )... Self-Relevant stimuli evidence of self-prioritization effects of social salience: evidence from syndrome/high-functioning... Oishi, S., and Striano, T. ( 1997 ) was allocated for writing down a of. D., and Gilligan, S. G. ( 2003 ) to autism.!